The new demonstration solar power steam plant at McKittrick in California uses sunlight concentrated by mirrors in a greenhouse to pre-heat water.
Natural gas in a solar power steam plant is then used to boil the hot water to produce steam to heat the rock in the old oil field in order to scour out more oil and melt the thicker and heavier oils and extract them.
In a full-scale solar power steam plant the mirrors could be used to produce the steam, but in the pilot the wellhead is too far away from the greenhouse for piping the steam to be practical.
Vice president of business development at GlassPoint Solar, John O’Donnell, explained that producing steam is the largest cost in thermal extraction of oil. He said that with the solar power assistance they can get 10-20 percent more oil from the same well because the cheaper steam means you can run the extraction longer.
The demonstration solar power steam plant covers an area of 650 square meters among the derricks of the oil field, which is owned by the Berry Petroleum Company. The solar power steam plant consists of a greenhouse with a crenellated roof to maximize the exposure to sunlight. Two rows of seven-meter-wide mirrors are suspended from the top of the greenhouse and concentrate the sunlight onto tubes containing the water. The mirrors generate about a million British thermal units (BTUs) of heat each hour. The amount of steam needed depends on the age of the oil field, but is typically around two million BTUs per barrel of oil.
GlassPoint Solar says the steam can be produced at a cost of $3 to $3.50 per million BTUs, compared to around $4 per million BTUs with natural gas. Costs are also reduced because the greenhouse blocks the wind, which means lighter components can be used than in traditional solar power thermal mirror systems (mostly used to make steam to drive generators) and the steel supports are no longer needed.
The greenhouse is at higher pressure than the outside, which prevents dust from collecting on the mirrors. The glass of the greenhouse is kept clean using conventional automatic water sprayers as used in agricultural greenhouses, and the water is re-used.
A solar power thermal project being built by BrightSource Energy has been under construction since 2009, but the GlassPoint solar power pilot plant took only six weeks to build. O’Donnell said a full scale solar power thermal plant could be built quickly.
Around 40 percent of Californian oil is extracted using steam heated by natural gas, and oil extraction is the greatest industrial use of natural gas in the state.
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